[Prevalence of depression symptoms and its related factors in school students]

Introduction: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. In the past decade, coinciding with the increased prevalence of depression in younger age, much attention has been attracted to the diagnosis and treatment of depression in children and adolescents

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression symptoms in guidance school children and assessment of its relation with some personal and family factors

Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study which used random multi-stage cluster sampling. First, educational districts 1 and 2 of Rasht city were considered as the two main clusters. In the next stage, in each cluster separately, according to sex [girls' and boys' schools], school type [public, private] and grades [sixth and seventh in primary and third in secondary school], a total of 24 grades in districts 1 and 2 were calculated. The sample size of 618 students was determined based on results of the pilot study. Given that the entire class was considered as a cluster, the number of samples increased to 775 [31 clusters]. 753 of all parents returned the completed form. The research tool included Children Depression Inventory [CDI] and a questionnaire on demographic characteristics [personal-family] which were given to subjects with answer sheets by the researchers. They were asked to answer the questions honestly and accurately according to what they felt at the moment. CDI psychometrics with cut-off 22 had been determined in Iran. The data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics [chi-square, logistic regression and t-test]

Results: Most of subjects were 13 years old [37.6%]. Frequency of the girls and boys were 398 [52.9%] and 355 [47.1%], respectively. Moreover, the frequency of the students in sixth and seventh of primary and third grade of secondary school were 249, 268, 236, respectively.70.8% of the students were at public and 29.2% in private schools. Most of them had educational improvement [64.1%], without parents with history of depression [87% fathers, 87.9% mothers]. Results revealed 10% of the subjects with depression symptoms [8.5% in boys, 11.3% in girls] in sixth [11.6%] and seventh grades of primary [5.2%] and third grade of secondary [13.1%] in public [4.5%] and private schools [12.2%]. 10.6% of the students had educational improvement. 8.9% lacked it. Depression history was recorded for 2% of fathers and 7.7% of mothers. Moreover, 7.9% of fathers and 10.5% of mothers had chronic diseases. Families with monthly income of less than 150 dollars had the highest percent of depression [14.4%]. Most symptoms of depression were seen in children whose parents were illiterate [12.3%] and high school graduate [4.8%]. 19% of unemployed fathers and 10.3% of homemaker mothers had children with highest depression symptoms. Students living in a rental house [10.9%] as well as those whose mother's was dead showed the most symptoms [33.3%].Results indicated that depression symptoms were significantly related to grade [p=0.008], type of school [p=0.001], and no history of depression in father [p=0.005]. Third grade of secondary school students had the highest symptoms. Most of these students were at public than private schools [95% CI, 1.3-5.1- odd ratio: 2.5]. Students with father's history of depression had fewer symptoms [2% vs.11%]

Conclusion: Although depression symptoms based on our tool did not necessarily suggest the depression disorder in terms of severity and duration of the symptoms, a significant association was observed between scores of depression and some personal and family factors which insists on considering the importance of these factors in preventive programs for children depression

[ comparative study on the personality traits of opioid- dependents with and without somatic chronic pain complaints]

Some people use opioid substances to relief their chronic somatic pains. There are differences in the personality traits of this individuals and others who abuse opioid substances. The purpose of the present study was to compare these two groups in regard to their personality traits and disorders. In a cross-sectional study between 2007 to 2011, all patients referred for drug quit to the outpatient addiction clinic of Imam Hospital affiliated to Jundishapur University were investigated demographically. In addition, all of them underwent physical examination, MMPI test and psychiatric interview. Then they were divided into two groups of "with pain complaint" and "without pain complaint". Their personality traits were compared using t-test and chi[2]. The total number of patients was 488, including 478 males and 10 females. Mean scores of Psychatenia [pt] and paranoia [Pa] indexes in the patients who suffered from chronic non- cancer pain was lower in comparison to the patients without pain complaint. Based on the results of psychological interview, the prevalence of personality disorder was higher in the "without pain" group. Patients with chronic pain had higher educational degrees and they were more likely under the influence of their friends at the onset of opioid abuse. In the present study those who used opioid for pain relief, had healthier psychiatric profiles and personalities. Their psychiatric interviews were more valid and reliable and their psychological problems were less than the other group and their addiction was a maladaptive behavior

Evaluation of vitamin b-complex efficacy add on citalopram in outpatient with major depressive disorder

Major depression disorder [MDD] is most common psychiatric disorder in community. MDD is one of the important disorders because of its prevalence and serious complication such as suicide, substance abuse, loss of well being and function, this study was investigated to determine the efficacy of vitamin B- complex add on citalopram, [its cofactor role in serotonin synthesis] in treatment of MDD. This study is a double-blinded placebo-control cinical trial on 40 MDD patients [18-45 years old] referred to psychiatric clinic in 2009. Duration of study was 6 weeks. Depressive symptoms were assessed with Beck Depression Inventory at 0, 3 and 6 weeks after intervention. Data was analized by using SPSS, ANOVA, Chi- square and Fisher tests. In both groups [B-complex and placebo], symptoms were significantly improved at the end of study respectively [P=0.002, P=0.04]. Beck's rating scale score between two groups was not significantly different [P=0.99]. The main finding of this study was that efficacy of either vitamin B-complex on citalopram or citalopram alone was not differed in reduction of depression symptoms. Because of low sample size, short duration of study and basic effect of vitamins in behavior, further future works to be considered

multicomponent intervention to prevent postoperative delirium after open-heart surgery

To assess a multi-component intervention to prevent post operative delirium after open-heart surgery. This is an experimental-analytic study which assessed 32 patients 45 to 70 years of age after open-heart surgery in to 16 member groups [case and control]. From second days after operation until three days later, by 6 risk factors: cognitive visual and auditory impairment immobility, dehydration and sleep deprivation were assessed and a standard protocol was used for case group. Incidence of delirium was determined by clinical interview; based on DSM-IV-TR; twice a day [morning and evening]. Result were analyzed by t-test and S- plus. The median of total number of risk factors and immobility in case group had a significant reduction in comparison to control group. There were trends towards reduction in other risk factors and incidence of delirium. Primary prevention of delirium is probably the most effective treatment strategy

case of shared psychotic disorder with deadly outcome

thought to occur in persons who live close together, so that delusions of the primarily ill patient are transferred to the partner. A case of shared paranoid psychotic disorder, with primary diagnosis of persecutory delusional disorder in the husband is described. The delusion and its consequent safety behaviors were so strong that led to the family complete isolation, ceasing their relationship with the external world, gradual starvation and death of the daughter. This case showed how one's mind can act so badly against itself to the extend of starvation and dying. We think it is the most tragedy case report of shared psychotic disorder